WHAT IS MOTIVATION, ITS KINDS AND METHODS
One of the effective types of modern management is motivation management. It is explained
by significant increase of a role of the human factor in management, it reflects one of
the main tendencies of development of manufacture and society.
Motivation management is a management constructed on priorities of motivation of business
behaviour, i.e. on creation of conditions of interest in result and aspiration to its
achievement.
Motif - fr. the incentive reason, occasion to that or other action.
Motivation - lat. "Movere" - movement.
The motives are formed under influence of set of the factors, under influence of stimulus.
Stimulus - lat. pointed stick, which in Ancient Rome used to drive animals.
Today we shall consider the concepts of motivation, guided mainly on the American system
of values - individualism, rationalism, inter-personal competition. In the countries of
CIS, including Kazakhstan, there are other values and other keys of motivation. In these
countries motivation of the separate worker is fraught to disputed situations in
collectives. We should take into account inter-personal culture, marital status, social
conditions, political factors, mentality, propensity to patriotism and enthusiasm,
patience.
Is noticed, that the material needs and needs for safety dominate in the countries with
transitive economy.
In modern conditions of development of economy of Kazakhstan the most important priorities
are stability of development, economy of time and resources, efficiency, productivity,
quality. The important priorities of mativation in modern conditions are formation of the
workers, creativity, group dynamics.
Kinds of motivation:
1. Unstable ìîtivation, guided on little educated and low qualified personnel.
2. Ìîtivation at a high level of comprehension of the responsibility and interest.
3. Primitive undeveloped management.
4. Ìîtivation on the basis of trust and significant compensation.
In management there is always a choice of method of motivation. But the manager should
know, of what variety it is necessary to make a choice.
The modern tendencies of motivation include two variants: the substantial concept of
motivation, according to which the internal promptings of the man force him to work
definitely, and the remedial concept of motivation, which has an effect on behaviour of
the man in group according to his perception of a reality and education, experience and
external environment.
The factors of motivation management are needs, interests, value. It is the essence of the
substantial concept of motivation and its practical importance.
The remedial concept of motivation.
1. hierarchy of Ìàslou À. (we got acquainted with the in previous lectures);
2. concept of Devid MacKlelanda (allocation of three conducting needs in activity of
the man: need of authority, success, participation);
3. two-facted model of Gertsberg F. (hygienic and motivating).
Within the framework of the same concept there are three models of motivation: model of
expectation, model of validity, model Portera-Loulera.
Model of expectation (author - Victor Voum):
Expenses of work - results;
Results - compensation;
Valency (satisfaction by compensation) - prospects
Model of validity - the man subjectively determines the relation of the received
compensation to the spent efforts and then correlates it to compensation of other people
which are carrying out similar work.
The model of motivation Portera-Loulera combines in itself models of expectation and
validity. There are five variable: the spent efforts, perception, received results,
compensation, degree of satisfaction.
ECONOMIC MOTIVES OF ACTIVITY OF PEOPLE
The economic motives can be direct (money income) or indirect, facilitating reception of
direct motives (additional free time etc.).
The basic earned payment, enterprise profit, various sort of payment and privilege.
Kinds of the earned payment.
The earned payment according to the form can be by the job or by the hour.
Payment by the hour can be hourly, day, monthly, it has two systems: simple and bonus.
Payment by the job - direct (individual and collective) or indirect (individual and
collective).
The piecework-progressive payment.
The piecework-bonus system of payment.
Accord system.
Factor of labour participation.
Except for the earned payment, various forms of surcharges can be used to stimulate worker
for his professionalism, qualification, business skills, carrying in the basic
compensatory character.
According Teilor F. premium can play a role of the effective stimulating factor, if its
size makes not less than 30 % of the basic earnings.
Except for the earned payment and premiums there can be used bonus for the chiefs for
participation in profits.
Indirect economic motivation - motivation by free time. Its concrete forms are: the
reduced working day or increased holiday, sliding or a flexible hours, granting
compensatory leave.
UNECONOMIC WAYS OF MOTIVATION
Ten best free-of-charge ways of encouragement of the workers:
Interesting work, public recognition, free time, information, feedback, involving,
independence, celebrating, flexibility, increase of the responsibility.
Uneconomic ways of stimulation concern organizational and mora waysl.
The organizational ways include motivation by the purposes, attraction to participation in
businesses of organization, enrichment of work.
Moral methods of stimulation - recognition, which can be personal and public.
Specific moral methods of motivation are a praise and criticism.
There is one more form of motivation, which unites in itself all considered above -
promotion in a post, and that means higher payment (economic motive), interesting and
substantial work (the organizational motive), and also reflects a recognition of merits
and authority of person (moral motive).
It is necessary to note, that this way is internally limited: there aren't a lot of posts
of a high rank in organization; not all people are capable to supervise and not all people
aspire to it.
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