Organisation is process of distribution of work among the employees or groups of employees
and co-ordination of their actions. Any business, large or small, should be well
organised. It is necessary for all parts of the company to work as one whole.
After the analysis of structures of some editions, it is necessary to attract attention of
the students on the fact, that organisation is many-sided concept. There are given
definition of organisation:
- According to the theory of management organisation is a group people co-operating
with each other with the help of material, economic, legal and other conditions for
decision of problems, facing to them, and achievement of one purpose. (Vesnin V. R. Basis
of management. - P. 41).
- The organisation is an open system, integrity consisting from the following
internal variables: purposes, structure, task, technology and people. (Меskon М. etc.
" Bases of management ").
In organisation people supplement each other, use their abilities that makes them stronger
in struggle for a survival. Without association in organisation, the most primitive of
which was primitive herd, the human being could not survive and create a civilisation.
Why do we need organisation (edition, for example) is necessary? - I set a question to the
students, and we show on a board and in copybooks, how the organization starts to work
independently. Sometimes it is not dependent on people, who have created it, entering with
them in the certain relations.
Organisation (edition)
1. Strengthening and development;
2. Expectation from the members of collective:
a) Presence of a certain experience, knowledge, qualification;
b) Active participation in businesses;
c) Executiveness;
d) Responsibility;
i) Discipline;
f) Submission to the established rules and norms of behaviour;
j) Division of the purposes and values.
People in organization (edition)
1. Interesting important prestigious activity;
2. Ensuring the necessary information;
3. Necessary rights;
4. Independence;
5. Authority;
6. Guarantee of safety and social security;
7. Material well-being;
8. Promotion;
9. Work.
Attributes of organization:
1. Main - presence of the purpose;
2. Isolation;
3. Self-regulation;
4. Inter-organisation centre;
5. Organizational culture.
Organizational structure - unity of people and conditions of their activity, which is in
certain ratio and interrelations.
Organizational process - actions, directed on creation of organizational structure,
necessary preconditions of its functioning and updating.
The organization - in the broad sense of the word is unity of organizational structure and
organizational process.
There are two groups of processes in organisation: functioning and development.
Functioning - activity of the organization directly connected with its preservation as a
whole on the basis of constant maintenance of relations and communications, exchange of
resources, energy and information both inside itself, and with external environment.
Development - creation of necessary conditions by transformation of organization and its
separate elements according to changed requirements of internal and external environment.
The development can be progressive, neutral, and regressive.
There are 4 basic forms of organizational development:
1. Structural;
2. Composition;
3. Regulation;
4. Orientation.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF ORGANIZATION
Internal environment of organization - set of forms and processes, providing it concrete
and inherent only to it features.
Elements of internal environment of organization:
1. Organizational culture;
2. Division of labour;
3. Used technologies;
4. Organizational structure;
5. System of communications and information interchange;
6. Behaviour of the employees;
7. Differentiation and integration of industrial and labour processes.
External environment of organization - is formed by its environment, which can be business
and background.
The business environment is formed by those phenomena, processes and institutes of
environment, on which the organization by purposeful actions or arrangements can render
direct influence, for example, suppliers, consumers, intermediaries. Thus, with elements
of a business environment the organization is in a condition of bilateral interaction.
To a background environment the organization can only adapt, it is not capable to
influence on it purposefully. Policy of the state, conjuncture of the market and many
other circumstances are not subject to the overwhelming majority of organizations.
What should the organization do in such case?
1. Takes into account;
2. Submits;
3. "Avoid" from their influence;
4. Sometimes neutralise.
Both in external and in an internal environment of organization there can be an element of
uncertainty, which degree is rather various. It depends on constant changes of external
and internal environment. The chiefs of organization should quickly understand these
changes, precisely realise their importance for present, and for future, choose the best
variant of reaction on them within the limits of existing restrictions appropriate to an
object in view.
THE LAWS of ORGANIZATION
The life of organization submits to the certain laws. There are seven laws.
1. Law of sinergy is the main. It says, that potential and the opportunities of
organization as single unit exceed the sum of potential and opportunities of its separate
elements, that is caused by their mutual support and addition.
2. Law of supplement of interorganisation processes and functions opposite directed:
Division - association;
Specialization - universalization;
Differentiation - integration.
3. The preservation of proportionality between organization and its elements at any
changes, that allows to realize their opportunities in maximal degree.
4. The law of composition - functioning of all without exception organizational
elements submit to general purposes and the individual purposes of each of them represent
its concrete definition.
5. The law of self-preservation - any organization and its separate element, aspire
to keep itself as whole that requires observance of some conditions (stability and
development).
6. Law of information. Members of organisation should have information on a real
situation of things allowing them to accept the intelligent decisions.
7. Law of ontogenesis. The life of any organization consists of three basic phases,
consecutive changing each other: formation, development and fading.
THE FORMS OF ORGANIZATION
According to the status the organization can be primary and secondary.
The primacy means, that the organization for the people, united in it acts as certain
external ground, formed and existing irrespective from them. (For example -state
institutions).
Secondary - the organizations are created by their members, giving them their certain
rights and resources establishing "rules of game". They are ready to submit
these rules on the certain conditions. They exist in two forms: corporate and associative
organizations.
Members of incorporate organizations are ready to endow the own sovereignty for
achievement of their purposes in the certain degree. (For Example - joint-stock company).
The organization of an associative type is created by the members for daily coordination
of their activity without loss of their sovereignty, therefore it has not even a
conditional priority above them. The decisions are accepted according to the general
consent, and principle of co-ordination of interests. It provides prevalence of interests
of the members of organization over interests of the organization.
Proceeding from features of interaction of separate elements, the organizations are
subdivided on mechanical and organic.
Mechanical is characterized by firmness of borders, prevalence of rigid
"vertical" communications, official character of relations, all-round regulation
and programmed activity (state organisations etc.).
Organic are characterized by such attributes as vagueness of borders, the significant
independence of separate parts, their wide specialisation, weak hierarchy, small number of
rules and procedures, freedom of choice of variants of activity, estimation of results on
the basis of real market effect, instead of central established parameters, prevalence of
the informal attitudes (innovation processes - scientific researches, skilled - design
development, introduction of their results in practice).
Sometimes there exist a reasonable combination of both forms in one organization.
According to the legality the activity of organization can be divide on official and
informal.
Official - are created for the decision of concrete industrial, economic and other tasks,
are legally legalized, exist in the certain legal space, their activity is adjusted by the
appropriate normative acts.
The informal organizations develop spontaneously, basically as unofficial contacts of the
people pursuing the certain personal purposes, which achievement is not provided with
their membership in official organizations. Such organizations name as informal.
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