In the theory and histories of journalism, engaging in studying of occurrence and
development of this sphere of human activity, there has been a quite well grounded point
of view about occurrence of journalism, as means of satisfaction need in the information
for a long time. Man has learned to speak, it means, he would like to tell something to
another one or he wanted to ask about something. The need for exchanging information
between the people has arisen in a deep antiquity. It is obvious, that sources of
understanding of the human person as social essences, intended to live among themselves
similar and to be able to communicate with others by different ways have appeared since
that time.
In process of consolidation of the social - industrial relations and occurrence of a
regulator of these relations in the form of the legal acts and laws there was a necessity
for distribution of the legislative information about trade-exchange activity. For the
first time, this idea has been stated by the professor of the Moscow State University,
known researcher of journalism Uchionova V. V. She considers, that "reference to a
new type of dialogue - sign letter - occurs in the period of formation State system and
necessity of fixing taxes, goods, exchange and oral operations". In essence necessity
of distribution of the legislative information about roughly developing economic activity
has become the reason of occurrence of the major form of culture - written language.
Actually, " leadership of oral culture", - as correctly notices Uchionova V., -
limited literacy of the population in epoch of antiquity, Western - European and Russian
middle ages defined a conducting role in operative, mass, political intercourse of
orator's skill, propagating, various forms of oral lectures and oral polemic.
The present truth, in Gurevich's opinion that "the first reason of occurrence of the
printed periodic editions was requirement for the economic information. Merchants needed
the information on cost of the goods in the markets, in cities and other states. The
financiers - needed information about situation on the first international stock
exchanges, about a ratio of cost of money minted on monetary courtyard of capitals of the
European states. Manufacturers required the information, where and for what price they
could get new machine tools for the enterprises and where they could sell their production
more favourable. And everyone was ready to pay for such kind of information. People used
to send messengers to get information for a long time. But it was expensive, and the
necessary information didn't get regularly. Other means were required which would provide
its delivery rather quickly and systematically.
The occurrence of this economic requirement has resulted in occurrence of a means of its
satisfaction. It has become a periodic press ". This point of view is not pioneer. In
earlier work on research of the contents of the first newspapers the idea that it was,
probably, the economic information, meets in work of the Leningrad scientists Blazhnogo A.,
Voroshilova V. and others. But only, Gurevich S. M. asserts this idea in his work, dated
1999.
The economic factor has played, on our sight, important role in occurrence and further
development of journalism as original form of communication and information activity, as
the natural exchange of the goods, services at the beginning of the trade-money
manipulation, gradually has developed into information exchange about opportunities, sizes
and quality of the goods in the market.
The mass communications, assert the scientists, is a dialogue, information exchange
between the members of a society participating in this or that activity. The sphere of
dialogue, information interchange, extending and getting the certain qualitative
characteristics, is structured together with process of a division of labour in a society.
According to the statement Ì. Shkodina, "the information interaction inside large
and dispersed in social space groups, between them, and also between groups and society as
a whole makes a core of structural transformations of mass media". The rough growth
in the 20-s' years of business journalism ensuring communication in forming sphere of
business testifies to it. Active development of the financial capital, new communications
in sphere of the financial relations also form and transform the appropriate structures of
mass media. The occurrence and development of economic publicism is directly connected
with processes of allocation in independent structure of the certain layer of social -
industrial relations, making an economic basis of a society. These processes are
indissoluble, have direct mutual influence.
Economic publicism plays a great role in reflection of complex, inconsistent processes of
the modern period, and also revolutionary achievement in construction of bases of a
society with the new industrial relations and realisation of economic reforms. Business
journalism becomes the major institute of democracy. The business journalism actively
promotes formation of developing new economic consciousness of the population.
In the period of formation of the market relations the situation is sharply varies. The
simple quantitative increase of the publications on economic theme during an
administrative - command control system of a national economy in the present moment has
passed in qualitative new condition - occurrence of several special economic editions,
which have rather essential influence on character of policy, carried out by state bodies.
The further growth of specialisation was understood as attaching the right of priority on
illumination of the certain problems of development of material and spiritual manufacture
to the separate publicists, bodies of mass media. The increasing specialisation and
subsequent occurrence of the specialised editions are caused by growing public needs for
acceleration of a course of reorganisation of all parties of public life.
The economic system of Kazakhstan in the given period is characterised as economy of a
transitive stage between the closed (centralised) and open (market) system. Therefore
features both closed and open character and distinctive features of the transitive period
are inherent to it.
THE REALISATION OF SYSTEM ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURS IN SOME STAGES
The first stage - 1992-1993 ã (from the beginning of radical reforming of economy till
introduction of own currency). At this time there is a liberalisation of prices (January,
1992), legitimisation of a private property, consolidation in the Constitution of the
country (January, 1993), acceptance of the national program of a privatisation and its
gradual realisation in industries, agriculture, transport, trade and services, (April
1993), exit from a rouble zone and introduction of domestic currency - òåíãå
(November 1993).
The second stage - 1993 - 1996 . The basic actions are directed to macro-economic
stabilisation, development of adequate legislative base, regulating the relations in the
field of taxation, budget and bank spheres, and foreign trade activities and customs
system. There is a wide attraction of the international capital, the conditions for
development of the markets and market infrastructure are created. As a result of the
undertaken measures in 1996, there was a stabilisation of a currency rate - tenge, and
budget deficiency has decreased in some degree, there was made active manufacture in some
export - orientated industries.
The third stage - since 1996. At this stage the Program of a deepening of reforms for
1996-1998 was accepted. According to which there is a further reforming and development of
a national economy. Characteristic attributes remain continuation of macro-economic
stabilisation, consecutive decrease of a rate of inflation, creation of the preconditions
for revival of manufacture and subsequent economic growth.
The fourth stage - from the beginning of 1999. The given stage is characterised by
introduction budget division as reaction to sharp deterioration of financial and economic
situation in connection with a world financial economic crisis and sharp fall of export of
mineral-raw resources, impossibility of the state to render the social help to vulnerable
layers of the population.
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Themes of the lecture lessons:
1. Press of RÊ about development of economy in the period of stagnation.
2. Press of Kazakhstan about the reasons of an economic crisis (1986-1992ãã).
3. Modern economic thinking and features of its formation by mass media.
4. Feature of display of an economic crisis and public opinion about the anti-crisis
programs.
5. Budget policy of RÊ and important aspects of its illumination in press.
6. Oil and gas complexes of Kazakhstan and feature of their illumination in press of
republic.
7. Problem of agriculture in press.
8. Transit period in economy and specificity of its illumination in mass media.
9. Economic publicism: features of journalistic skill.
10. Tendency of development of an economic theme in press of RÊ.
Themes of the seminar lessons:
1. Reason of occurrence of an industrial press; the requirements to economic press.
2. Basic themes of newspaper performances about problems of economy in the period of
reorganisation. Criticism of command - administrative methods of management.
3. Publication Àgranovskogo A., Latsisa O., Valovogo D.: features of the analysis
of an economic problem.
4. Socially - political reasons of an economic crisis. The basic themes of newspaper
performances: disorganisation of manufacture because of break of former economic
communications and decrease of discipline; not prepared transition to the market; high
rates of inflation etc. An originality of newspaper performances in disclosing.
5. Discussion in press of the anti-crisis program of development of Kazakhstan,
program radicalisation and gaining sovereignty of Kazakhstan's economy.
6. Press and realisation of the national program de-nationalisation (Ï-Ø stages).
7. Tax policy and features of its reflection in press.
8. Oil and gas complex and problem of realisation of petroleum from Kazakhstans.
Illumination of the Caspian Sea problem in the leading foreign editions. Features of a
position of American newspapers.
9. Condition of Kazakhstan's agriculture at the stage of transition from socialist
to the market relations.
10. Efficiency of publication on economic themes. Features of formation of economic
thinking under modern condition.
Control questions:
1. Historical experience and lessons of activity of press in the period of reforming
economy.
2. Reason of occurrence of an industrial press; the requirements to economic press.
3. Discussion in press about ways of development of Kazakhstan's economy (in 20 -th
years. Transition to comand - administrative methods of economy management.
4. Press about industrialisation of the country, collectivisation. Development of
the national economy in post-war period (review).
5. Press about development of economy in the period of stagnation. The basic themes
of newspaper performances.
6. A role of press in realisation in life the slogan "we will overtake and
surpass America!" And others voluntarism projects and "gigantomania".
7. Party membership of the press and Victorian illumination of problems of economy.
8. Basic themes of newspaper performances about problems of economy in the period of
reorganisation. Criticism of command - administrative methods of management of a national
economy in the article "Paper boom with" a minus "sign", "Steel
games of the 90-th years", "Freedom on a lead" and others.
9. Originality of newspaper performances on problems of economy in the period of
reorganisation. The publications by Àgranovskogo A., Latsisa O., Valovskogo D.: features
of analysis of an economic problem.
10. Press about the reasons of an economic crisis (1986-1992).
11. Socially - political reasons of an economic crisis.
12. Basic themes of newspaper performances: disorganisation of manufacture because
of break of former economic communications and reduction of discipline; not prepared
transition to the market; high rates of inflation etc.
13. Originality of newspaper performances in disclosing the reasons of crisis.
Features of disclosing of the objective and subjective reasons of an economic crisis.
Journalistic skill of performances in the crisis period.
14. Press about Kazakhstan model of development of economy RÊ
15. Professor Òîfler about stages of development of a society and information
revolution.
16. Kazakhstan: an imitating way of development STP.
17. Basic transfers of technology: import of pseudo-scientific goods on the usual
commercial bases; sale of the patents and licenses; rendering state technical help:
realisation of the direct private investments; rendering services of scientific character.
18. Press about necessity of the special mechanism of investment, tax and foreign
trade regulation.
19. Discussion of the anti-crisis program of development of Kazakhstan and program
of radicalisation and sovereignty of Kazakhstan economy in press.
20. Problem of privatisation in press
21. Foreign experience of privatisation on pages of a periodic press.
22. Press and realisation of the national program de-nationalisation and
privatisation (Ï-Ø stages). Press about formation of active antiexclusive policy and
competition.
23. Press about budget policy of RÊ
24. Role of the state budget in economy. A history of a question.
25. Proficiency-deficiency of the budget and reason of growth of budget deficiency
in Kazakhstan.
26. Role of the state budget during transitive economy.
27. Tax policy and features of its reflection in the press.
28. Press about change of a role of the state budget in economy.
29. Credit -financial problems in press and bank system: features of illumination.
30. Oil and gas complex of Kazakhstan and feature of its illumination in press.
31. Problem of division of the Caspian Sea and features of its sanction under
conditions of the sovereignty of the state.
32. Illumination of problems of the Caspian sea in the leading foreign editions.
33. Problem of agriculture in press
34. Problem of transferring the land into a private property and features of
illumination of this problem in the different editions.
35. Genre and substantial forms of economic publicism
36. Feature of the genre and substantial forms of economic publicism.
37. Problem of efficiency of influence of press on development and process of
economic reforms in Kazakhstan. Efficiency of the publications on economic themes.
38. Feature of formation of economic thinking under modern condition.
The literature:
1. Constitution (Basic Law) Republic of Kazakhstan. Àlmaty // 1995.
2. Nazarbaev N. À. Strategy of formation Kazakhstan as sovereign state // Alma-Ata,
1991.
3. Nazarbaev N. À. Without right and left. // Alma-Ata. 1991ã.
4. Nazarbaev N. À. Kazakhstan on a threshold of the ÕÕI-th c. // Alma-Ata. 1996.
5. Nazarbaev N. À. Strategy 2030. // Alma-Ata 1997ã.
6. Tax Code RÊ. // Àlmaty.1995.
7. National program de-nationalisation and privatization in 8. Republics
Êàçàõñòàí. // "Kazakhstani truth". March 1993 19.
8. Decision of Government "About realization of measures on a financial and
economic question of improvement, reorganization, liquidation of the insolvent state
enterprises" 1994ã. October 7 ¹ 1002.
9. Decree of the President of Kazakhstan "About urgent measures of a
privatization of properties: state, agriculture, procuring, processing and serving
enterprises of agroindustrial complex" . 1992 of February 12.
10. Decree of the President o of Kazakhstan "About bankruptcy".
11. Voroshilova V. V. Journalism // c- ïá. 2000.
12. Gurevich S. Ì. The newspaper and market // ÌSU. 1999.
13. Nurgozhina S., Nurtasina R. Urgent problems of economy and press in Kazakhstan.
// Àlmaty. ÊàçSU. 1996.
14. Îspanov Ì. Taxation: history, modernity and practice. Àlamty. 1995.
15. Îsinskaia L. Republican pressl: formation of a new type of economic thinking.
// Ì., 1987.
16. Pavlov A. E. Financial support of the programs of reforming enterprises. //
Saiasat, 1995, ¹ 1.
17. Bulletin ÊàzSU. A series journalism. 1998-2001.
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