The satire - in translation from Greek "mix", is criticism of reality with the
purpose of its improvement, perfection. The satire has appeared in an antiquity, with
occurrence of the social system in a human society, therefore it is considered as the
social phenomenon. The satirical genres of journalism differ from literary with
trustworthiness of the description, direction of the facts.
The researchers of the theory of journalism distinguish the following kinds of satirical
genres: the feuilleton, pamphlet, parody, epigram, fable, cartoon, and caricature, joke.
The satirical genres differ from other genres of journalism by criticism, satire, humour,
and use of such receptions, as irony, sarcasm grotesque, hypo-bola and others.
The feuilleton is a volumetric satirical genre, "synthesis of three origin:
publicistic (the fact is not only concrete, urgent, but also is operative), satirical (has
comical contents of the fact, it is estimation assumes the satirical analysis) and
artistic (creation of a satirical image, that distinguishes the feuilleton from a
satirical note)". The word feuilleton in translation from French means "a
sheet of paper". On the 27-th of January in 1800 in a magazine "De Pari"
the sheet of paper with theatrical playbills and the small announcements was enclosed. The
genre of the feuilleton has derived its name from that sheet of paper, and later on such
sheets of paper were printed the satirical products mocking ridiculous and ridiculous
phenomena of life interfering normal development.
Kinds of feuilleton: the feuilleton - article, feuilleton - correspondence, feuilleton -
feature -story, feuilleton - sketch; the feuilleton in the style of business papers: the
feuilleton - complaint, feuilleton - application; the drama feuilleton: the feuilleton -
play etc.
The main task of the feuilleton is mocking. But it is not necessary to cause laugh. The
satirist aspires to cause contempt to the people of the certain moral category, secondly -
to excite anger, hatred, thirdly - to show worthless of evil people. One of the main
conditions of success of the feuilleton is correct definition of social essence of the
considered facts, correct position of the author.
Today, feuilleton almost has disappeared from pages of press. In the newspaper
"Time" in the feuilleton by Sapi Mekebarva from the country "Аziopia"
was criticised a political situation in our country, political and public figures. In the
newspaper " Truth of Kazakhstan " the satirical productions by S. Коvalenko
are printed under a heading " From the topical satirist's point of view ", but
the artistic parts are not developed both of them, that prevents them to rise up to
perfection of a genre.
Pamphlet derives from Greek word ''ran''-everything, ''rflero"-burn production of
accusatory character, in which the satirical beginning makes sarcasm, pathetic and angry
expression, and publicistic - topical character, efficiency, documentary and large-scale
object of an exposure (large social phenomenon, state or public figures). Pamphlet is a
rare event in the literature and journalism. It has connection with Yrasma Rottrdamskogo
("Letters of dark people", 1515), Fransua Rable ("Gargantiuda and
Pantagriuel", 1534 г). Daniel Defo was put in the pillory for his production"
The shortest way for punishment". "The Philosophical ideas" by Deni Didro
were condemned on burning. A Chadaev was announced as mad for the " Philosophical
letters".
Today, pamphlets almost have disappeared from pages of the editions.
Parody - genre to mimicry. The purpose of a parody is hypertrophy, emphasise features of
the criticised phenomenon, its contents, form. The parodies can be on literary
productions, theatrical productions, films and even on songs, music, and household
situations.
Epigram - in translation from Greek "the inscription on a stone" is a satirical
miniature, distinguished with limiting condense of the characteristic, volume of
criticism, derision. It aims at the certain object, in other cases it aims at the negative
phenomenon. Frequently epigram is given as text to a caricature.
Fable - satirical product of instructive character, which heroes are the animals. Fable is
as the literary and publicistic production consists of three parts having various style
and features of language. The first part or the beginning has average style, entering the
reader into the action. The second part is the basic, the basic actions of the heroes are
described in this part, in the third - edification written in high style are described.
Fables of the ancient Greek fable-teller Esopa have reached to the present time, problems
arose in them are urgent. French fable-teller Lafonten has continued their traditions,
which were maintained by Russian fable-telter I. А. Krilov, later. Аhmet Баitursiniv
has translated into Kazakh language many fables by Esopa, Lafontena and Kkilova and he has
written some fables himself, among them the known fable "Mosquito".
There are fable publications in a modern Kazakhstan press, there is not enough artistry
and figurativeness.
The caricature is the grotesque image of the criticised phenomenon, event, man. The
caricatures can be verbal and representational. In modern Kazakhstan press there are
present both of them. For example, on the Russian TV the program "Dolls" can be
related to a caricature.
Cartoon - from the French word "weight", critical image of the man, event or
phenomenon. The cartoon differs from a caricature by hyper-trophic, grotesque image of any
part of a body or part of the phenomenon. There are friendly and satirical cartoons, both
of them exist in the Kazakhstan's press.
Joke - small satirical production of instructive character, containing burning sharp
criticism. The text of a joke is constructed by a principle " of the turned pyramid
" - edification right at the end, at "top".
The satirical genres are used rather frequently in Kazakhstan mass media .
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Themes of the seminar lessons:
1. Information genres and features of writing.
2. Information genres in the newspapers: "Truth of Kazakhstan",
"Time", "Caravan", "Business week", "Megapolicy".
3. Analytical genres in the informal Kazakhstan editions.
4. Article and correspondence, feature of writing.
5. Feature of style in a feature-stories by А. Аlimzhanova.
6. Feature-stories in modern Kazakhstan's press.
7. Essay by Gerolda Belgera in the newspaper "New generation"
8. Satirical genres is in Kazakhstan's press.
9. Feuilleton is on pages of informal editions.
Control questions:
1. Distinctive features of genres of journalism from literary.
2. Fact and its place in information genres.
3. Three steps of a stereotype of perception the information.
4. Transformation of information genres in modern press of Kazakhstan.
5. Deduction and induction in analytical genres.
6. Article in modern Kazakhstan editions.
7. Artistic - publicistic genres in Kazakhstan press.
8. Feature-stories of Kazakhstan authors.
9. Essay in Kazakhstan press.
10. Satirical genres on pages of Kazakhstan newspapers.
The literature:
1. Zhurbina Е. I. Theory and practice of artistic - publicistic genres.-М., 1969.
2. Stylistics of newspaper genres / Under edition of Y. Rozentalia - М., 1989.
3. Solganik G. Lexicon of the newspaper М., 1990.
4. Bonevolenskaia Т. А. Problems of modern publicistic genres.- М., 1989.
5. Gorohov V. М. Problems of journalistic skill.- М1982.
6. Кrikunov Y. Power of a newspaper word. - Аlmaty, 1983.
7. Амpilov V. Modern newspaper feature-story. - Minsk., 1992.
8. Аlekseev V. А. Feature-stories. - М., 1989.
9. Bonevolenskaia Т.А. Composition of a feature-story. - М., 1981.
10. Коlosov G. V. Poetics of a sketch. -м, 1989.
11. Gorbunov А. Poetics of a publicistic text.-М., 1981.
12. Pelt VD. Genres of the Soviet newspaper. -м., 1987.
13. Аlimzhanova A. Flaming spears.- М., 1978.
14. Ualihanov S. Collected Work., т. 5.
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