The urgency of the given subject is determined by active foreign policy activity of
sovereign Kazakhstan, which is directed on multilateral co-operation with the different
countries, on entry to uniform Asian and world information space. The modern tendencies of
means of mass communications (MMM) of Asia, can result to courageous raise of voices of
people and changes in the country, which will strengthen democratic transformations in the
countries and will ratify a principle of freedom of the information as one of the main
vital principles of world community.
Asia - interesting and unique region, place of crossing of many world ways, migration
flows, cultural influences, communication highways. Asia is unlike in socio-economic,
cultural - educational and religious relation to other continents.
The minister of communications of Singapore Ìàh Bou Òàn, acting on a forum
"Òålecom-97" in Djakarta (Indonesia), has called the countries of Asia for
participation in development of certain policy and regulation of bases of infrastructures
for a global information community. On this forum, there was regional discussion of ways
of an exit of Asia to global - information community.
The Asian countries develop common directions of information policy in region. Character
of state regulation in this sphere essentially varies too. The main tendency is the
gradual transition from the rather rigid centralised management and control above mass
media - to liberalisation and reorganisation of communication sector.
The opening of the markets in "new Asia" stimulates creations of joint ventures,
opens new opportunities for activity of the suppliers of the programs, cable operators.
Boom of consumer demand "on a hand" to new satellite, cable and paid channels,
aimed to solvent layers of the population. There observing grows of an own TV - film
production, extends the international partnership of producers.
Communication policy of some Asian states, where the economy of western type ensuring a
high vital level is combined with aspiration to reduce western influence to traditional
national values, to adapt the Asian culture for western technology. One of the main tasks
of Asian mass media is a propagation of unity of nations, in maintenance of the world and
harmony, prevention of racial collisions. These measures are undertaken with the purpose
to develop a positive image of information industry.
Process of de-colonisation (1945-1965) in Asia, the finding of political independence,
touched actual all East. In 70 years many Asian countries have begun actively act for
change of an existing situation in the international information market. The main step in
this direction has become creation in 1975 Pula of agencies of news of the non-aligned
countries. The overall objective of Pula consists in maintenance of objectivity of the
information about social, economic, political and cultural development of these countries.
Since 1976 the dominant importance has been received the concept of "the new
international information order" (NIIO), formulated on the fifth conference of the
head states and governments of the non-aligned countries in Êîlombo. Today the questions
of "the new information order", which were put by the developing countries and
world organization of UNESCO in 70-80-å years, remain urgent. The problems of influence
of global information process on national means of mass communications are put forward in
the first place.
Asia, the greatest on territory and population continent, since the 1960-th years has
become to develop faster, than other regions of the world. And the countries of East and
South-East Asia surpassed in dynamics of growth other part of the continent. Especially
impressing results have achieved 10 countries: Japan, Southern Korea, Singapore, Hongkong,
China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, though here again were the
distinction, variation and degree of success. Even, despite of financial crisis 1997-1998,
fallen on the country of SEA and slowed down swift development of economy of some Asian
states, the experts assert, that in XXI century the new industrial countries of Asia will
continue a dynamical way to prosperity and will turn in the centre of economic, scientific
and technical and social progress.
The countries, which have been taking place on periphery of a modern civilization
recently, have made jump in the compressed historical period. For this purpose it took
them 25-30 years, almost four times less than Japan and 8 times less than USA.
New information technologies have appeared that has created conditions for development of
regional economy, has opened new horizons in sphere of mass communications. "The
Communication boom" has caused new kinds of an transmission: digital, interactive,
cable, satellite TV, direct television telecast. As the professor Ì. Ê. Barmankulov
marked in the book "Opportunities of space ÒV" (Àlmaty 1993): "Satellite
ÒV, crossing the border can result to pluralism, multitude sight in totalitarian states,
to bring in new information. But ÒV from space can be danger to some underdeveloped
countries: to remove on the second plan their culture, language, religion, and moral
principles. Carrying pluralism, the space ÒV can simultaneously promote its destruction.
Negative monopolistic features of the global programs can be developed. The ways out of
this problems - not give super-monopolies of tele-industry to dominate in an ether, and
the second - to throw all forces on development own ÒV.
Today it is observed the improvement of a national transmission in many countries, that
promotes preservation national, cultural - information mentality. The opportunities of use
the satellite for satisfaction of communication needs of the whole region has been shown
for the first time in Indonesia in the middle of the 70-th years, that they created
satellite system "Palapa" (named after the local tropical fruit).
"Palapa" by means of 40 ground stations united 27 provinces of the country. It
covers by tele-radio programs archipelago of 5 thousand islands, carrying out functions of
strengthening of national unity and strengthening the central authority. The space
engineering has helped Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines to adjust relaying own
tele-channels, organise a mutual exchange of information using video-plots and
transmissions. At the present time "Palapa" provides its service to other
countries as Thailand, Australia, Ìàêàî, Papua new Guinea and some American
companies.
The activity of Indian state ÒV "Durdarshan" (that is translated from Hindi as
" far-seen") is directed to opening new satellite channels: news, sports and
entertaining in addition to Star TV. Similarly to the majority of the countries of Asia,
the government of India uses mass media for integration of a nation with the purposes of
cultural - enlightening and illumination of economic reforms, which actively have carried
out since the beginning of the 90-th years of the last XX-th centuries. The satellite
service Star TV (1991) was the first taken advantage of quickly extending
tele-infrastructure and growth of consumer demand. Five channels of this service have
urged the interest to satellite ÒV in Asia and have attracted attention to western
transmissions. Star TV covers 50 countries with an audience: 11,3 million house-owners in
1993, 42 mil in 1994, 54 mil in 1995. A potential audience Star TV is 2,7 billion people
from China to Egypt. The tele-service Star TV in Hongkong due to the companion
"Eishatas 1" has managed in short time to increase number of the subscribers, by
developing flexible, professional - entertaining concept focused on interests of the
radical Asian population.
At the present time there are 44-telecommunication companions work above Asia. It is
planned to launch 14 of 20 new companions in the next 3 years into cosmic space. In
struggle for the Asian market China started stronger declares itself, which purpose to
launch 30 satellites for other countries in the following 15 years. India has developed
its own space program. The huge project has been developed in Japan, about creation of
general national system of optical fibre communication, due to which the spectators can
order any video-material at their desire. Firm Sony has developed method of digital
transfer, which makes the equipment for satellite reception of news easier, cheaper and
mobile. The new technology allows carrying out remote control by the studio equipment in
different cities, being the integral part of optical fibre networks.
Summarising the development of satellite ÒV in Asian - Pacific region (ÀÒÐ), it is
possible to tell, that the most far-seeing businessmen increase technical and program base
of existing and future satellite channels, the politicians try to enter the concept of
"open space" in the local laws. The choice of ways of development Asian cable,
satellite ÒV in the greater degree is determined by the political, socio-economic and
cultural factors. The local and foreign businessmen were convinced that in the
multinational countries with the large cultural and language variety the All-Asian
transmission has not any chances of success. The transmission can be effective, if it
takes into account the specificity of the concrete country. The revolutionary shifts in
the field of information, satellite ÒV and communication technologies are the enormous
accelerator of changes. Their consequences will deeply influence on all spheres of live
and dialogue in Asia.
In communication area the policy of some Asian countries is directed on preservation the
pluralism of public sphere and national sovereignty, support of local culture. The new
industrial states, aspiring to expand access to the basic communications, reorganise
telecommunication sector, develop the new strategic approaches to transition to an
information society in the XXI-th century.
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Themes of the lecture lessons:
1. Basic features of the modern international relations in Asia and their reflection
in mass media.
2. Specificity of the Asian region and history of mass media development in the
region.
3. The newest information technologies and mass media in Asia.
4. Mass media and national specificity of regions of Asia.
5. Modern tendencies of mass media in Asia.
6. Cable-satellite transmission in Asia.
7. Asian information-communication centres, institutes, association.
8. East - West: communication aspect.
Themes of the seminar lessons:
1. History of development of mass communications of the Asian continent.
2. Development of mass media in Central Asia.
3. Communication situation in Asian-Pacific region.
4. Modern tendencies of Asian mass media.
5. Rise "Asian tigers" and mass media.
6. Communication policy and national specificity of the Asian region.
7. Transmission in Asia.
8. Communication conglomerates and their influence on development of information
industry in Asia.
Control questions:
1. Modern tendencies of the international transmission.
2. Leaders of the international transmission at the present stage.
3. Telecommunication of Asia: problems and prospects.
4. Cable transmission in Asia.
5. Development of satellite TV in Asia.
6. Leaders of transmission in Asia.
7. Development of mass media in the Central Asia.
8. Development of tele-casting in SEA.
9. Communication centres information agencies of Asia.
10. Foreign archives and museums of transmission.
11. Foreign transmission: a history and modernity.
12. Foreign transmission of Kazakhstan.
13. Role of UNESCO in development of mass media of the Asian region.
14. International radio stations of Asia.
15. Development of Internet in Asia.
16. Asian values in journalism.
The literature:
1. Urgent problems of journalism in Asia, Africa and Latin America. - M.: UDN, 1994.
2. Barmankulova Ì. Ê. Opportunity of space ÒV. - Àlmay, 1993.
3. Barmankulova Ì. Ê. TV: money or authority. - Àlmaty: Bilim, 1997.
4. Barlybayeva S. H. Transmission on the Asian continent. - Àlmaty: ÊàzSU, 1994.
5. Barlybayeva S. H. Cable-satellite ÒV in Asia. - Àlmaty: ÊàzSU, 1997.
6. Barlybayeva S. H. Mass-media and civilization of East. - Àlmaty, ÊàzSU, 2000.
7. Vasilev L. S. History of East. In 2 volumes. M: Vyshaia shkola, 1998.
8. Vachnadze G. N. World ÒÂ. New mass media - their audience, engineering,
business, policy. - Tbilisi, 1989.
9. Goliadkin N. À. Brief sketch about formation and development of domestic and
foreign ÒV. - M.: IPK, 1996.
10. Årbasov B. S. Culture, religion and civilisation in East. - M.: Hauka, 1990.
11. Zasurskii I. N. The role of mass media in a society // Bulletin ÌSU. A series
10 - Journalism, 1995, ¹ 2.
12. Satubaldin S. S. "Dragons" and "tigers" of Asia: Can the
Kazakhstan's "snow leopard" follow their tracks. - Àlmaty: Galym, 1998.
13. Asian Communication Handbook. 1998/Edited by A. Goonasera, D. Holaday.
Singapore: AMIC/SCS, 1998.
14. Asian Values in Journalism. Singapore: AMIC, 1996.
15. Many Voices, One World. Toward a new more just and more efficient world
information and communication order. London, New-York, Paris: UNESCO, 1980.
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