ÀBURAIHAN BIRUNI
The list of such geniuses of natural sciences as Àrhimed, Newton, Lomonosov, Tsialkovski
can de added with the name of famous son of the Uzbek people Aburaihan Biruni. The great
scientist, encyclopaedist of medieval East, astronomer, mathematics, historian, doctor -
Biruni À. was born on the 4-th October in 973 years.
Biruni has become the teacher for many scientists of East. Omar Haiiam, Nasreddin Tussi,
Òàragai Ulugbek and other outstanding scientists living after Biruni, considered him as
their great scientist.
In 70-80 years of 19-th centuries the German scientist Eduard Zahau has translated into
European languages and has issued productions "Monuments of the past
generations" and "India" written by Biruni. After that all scientific world
has recognized Biruni as one of the greatest thinker of the past.
In a history of a science there was a tradition, according to it the scientist who
discovered the laws of nature, significantly developed the science and engineering, was
named as the son of that time. Sometimes the century was named with the name of the
scientist. So, for example, the 3rd centuries B.C. - Evklid's and Àrhimed's century,
the17-th centuries - Newton's and Leibnits's century, 18 centuries - Lomonosovs and
Eiler's century. According to this tradition the11-th century was named as Biruni's and
Omara Haiiaman's century.
In the last period of his life Bituni was engaged in botany and medicine. He studied some
medicinal plants. In the botanical researches Biruni was close to the theories of natural
selection, put forward in 19th century by great English scientist Darvin C.
Biruni was the outstanding historian. In the numerous productions he informs about the
interesting facts from a history of the peoples of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, India,
Afghanistan, Iran.
ULUKBEK AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
Ulukbek - one of the greatest thinker, enlightener, scientist of middle ages. He was born
on the 22nd March 1394 in the militarian cart during a campaign of Timur and his third
son. The child was given the name Ìuhamed-Òàragai. Subsequently, even when Òimur was
alive, the boy was named as "the grand duke" - Ulukbek. One of his main
scientific merits it should be consider creation of the large astronomical school at
observatory. Among the most outstanding representatives of Ulukbek's school it is worth to
name Dzhamshid Kashi. He originally was Ulukbek's teacher, and he was one of the
initiators of creation observatory in Samarkant. The other Ulukbek's teacher was Kazy-Zade
Rumi, who was the first scientist - astronomer moved to Samarkant. Just he imparted to
Ulukbek the love to a science. He wrote the treatises "Comment to essence of
astronomy", "Comment to the basic figures", "Treatise about a
sine" and other scientific works on astronomy and mathematics. Among the young
representatives of Ulukbek's astronomical school it is necessary to name Àllaeddin
Êushchi, he was at the head of scientific work in observatory about 20 years. Thus, the
large group of the young scientists was rallied in Ulukbek's observatory. As the main task
they considered the general check of all data, stored from Ptolemei to Nassredin Tusi.
The major result of school's work are so-called "New Guraganski astronomical
tables". This work was completed in 1437, but the researches on more precise
definitions of the received results had been continuing before Ulukbek was assassinated.
The tables provided extensive introduction, the first section of introduction is devoted
to Arab, Greek-Syrian, Persian, Chinese and Uigur calendars, and the data on various
calendars are compared. It is already in the first section it is shown the large awareness
of the composers of the astronomical work, which had been carrying out for many
generations in the huge territory from Mediterranean to the Pacific Ocean. The errors
admitted at calculation in Ulukbek's observatory are completely insignificant and make the
100-th and thousand parts, so perfect were calculations of his colleagues on a science.
OMAR HAIIAM - SCIENTIST THINKER, POET
Omar Haiiam - the great scientist, thinker and the most talented poet of the Tadjik and
Persian peoples. His scientific researches have given rise to mathematics and astronomy on
a new level. His philosophical works have rendered significant influence on minds of the
next generations, and his famous quatrains have occupied a strong place in world poetry.
Omar Haiiam was born on 18th of May 1048 in the Iranian city Nishapune. The Initial
education he had received in Nishapune medrese, where his teachers was the known scientist
- Nasreddina-sheiha-Muhamed-Mandsura. Much knowledge Omar Haiiam had achieved by
self-education working in Balhe, Merve, Bukhara, Samarkant, Isfagane. In these cities he
had studied mathematics, astronomy, medicine, history, philosophy and divinity, in
perfection has learnt Arabian language.
Works of his predecessors - great Central Asian scientists exert strong influence on
Haiiam's formation as the scientist. Haiiam developed their democratic traditions. He was
on the side of oppressed people, admired intellect and knowledge, struggled for justice
and humanity, derided ridiculous rules of shariat. Due to it, he has become one of the
most popular figures of East. In 1074 Haiiam was invited to a court of Malik-shaha and was
accepted on a post as the main court astronomer. It was entrusted to him to construct in
Isfagan the astronomical îbservatory and to supervise its activity. Haiiam was patronized
by the main visir of Malik-shaha, progressive Tadjik scientist, author of "Books of
government" and founder of medrese "Nisamia" in Bagdad. Omar Haiiam for17
years had supervised the work of observatory, constructed under his supervision, conducted
scientific researches. The results of the researches had been published under the name
"Astronomical tables of Malik-shaha".
Omar Haiiam wrote about 50 books, majority of them has not reached us. According to the
contemporaries the first scientific work of Haiiam was "Difficult questions of
arithmetics", in which the methods of extraction of roots of the whole degrees from
numbers are specified.
The extraction of roots can be executed only according to the rules of binomial Newton. It
means, Haiiam came to the theorem about binominal before Newton. This book was not saved.
There are known other two large works by Haiiam on mathematics. One of them -
"Treatise about the proofs of tasks of algebra and valmukabaly", and another -
"Comment to difficulties in introductions of the Evklid's book". The questions
of algebra are stated in the first one, and questions of geometry in the second.
Õàéÿì in connection with his theme assorts works by Àristotel, Evklid, Àrhimed,
Àpollonia, Ptolemeia, Geron, Horesmi, Farabi, Jauhari and other scientists. He finds
separate shortcomings in their works and states about them his opinion.
The works by Haiiam have put in the order of day the algebraic solution of the equations
of maximum degrees without intermediary of lines. Such decision of the cubic equations
subsequently was suggested by the Italian mathematician Ferro S. and Òàrtalei N., and
the fourth degree by the Italian mathematician Ferrari L. The Norwegian mathematician N.
Àbel proved, that the equations of the fifth and higher degree could not be precisely
solved, if their factors were not picked up in appropriate way.
The research of the equations was resulted in creation of the large branch of modern
mathematics - the theories of groups. There are kept the small book by Haiiam
"Weights of wisdom" in the Arabian language concerning physics. It considers the
classical task on mixture, solved by Arhimed at the request of king Gierona, about
definition of quantity of gold and silver in his crown. In a basis of the decision lays
the discoved by Arhimed law of a hydrostatics. "Weights of wisdom" were not news
to a science, however they played the important role in propagation of scientific
knowledge, in particular of laws of physics and in acquaintance of the readers of East
with achievement of the Greek science.
There are known four manuscripts "Weights of wisdom" which are kept in libraries
of St.-Petersburg, Gotha, Bombay and Haidarabata. These copies were translated into many
languages and were issued many times.
ÀBU NASYR AL-FARABI AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO A WORLD SCIENCE
ÀBU Nasyr Muhammed ibn Muhammed Al-Farabi is one of the greatest thinkers of an early
middle ages. He was many-sided scientist - encyclopaedist and one of the founders of East
rationalism. That is why he was given the honourable rank of the "second
teacher" after the "first teacher" - Aristotel. It is known from a history,
that àëü-Ôàðàáè was born in the city Îtrar, which was the centre of ancient
culture and Central Asia. The initial education al-Farabi received in Otrar in native,
kipchak language.
The period of activity Farabi coincided with the period of rough development of the
Arabian culture. The famous scientists, philosophers, poets, musicians came to Bagdad,
they have opened university and Academy of sciences. Among the Bagdad scientists a
honourable place were occupied the scientists from Central Asia and Kazakhstan. There came
Farabi- the owner of uncommon abilities in all branches of knowledge - beginning music and
finishing astronomy. Farabi was considered as the large theorist of linguistics, linguist,
poet. They wrote treatments on a theme of spelling, calligraphy, prosody, rhetoric. Abu
Nasyr àl-Farabi was all-round advanced musician and composer, masterly perfomer and
theorist, historian, foreman on manufacturing musical tools. His famous multivolume
composition "Large treatise about music" is translated into many languages. The
treatises by Farabi have deserved the highest estimation to our days. Farabi considered
the geometry as the basic base of all scientific natural - philosophical thinking. This
idea was clearly stated in the treatise "About necessary conditions of development of
philosophy".
Farabi had the great popularity as the astronomer and astrologist; these sciences he
refered to a category of a high pedagogical science alongside with arithmetics, geometry,
music.
There are known works by Farabi about physics and on general natural sciences. In the
general physical and natural phenomena he emphasizes the necessity of experiments.
MAHMUD KASHGARI. "DIUANI LUGAT AT-TURK"
One of the star Turkic language peoples Ìàhmud Êàshgari in 9th century left eternal
literary
of scientific heritage after himself. The collection of his books consists of three works
"Collection of Turkic words" - "Diuani lugat at-turk". It is not
enough of information about him.
His father - from kin Barsaganov moved to Kishgar. Probably, Ìàhmud was born there.
Before writing his work, Ìàhmud travelled all over the countries of Turkic people and
proved, that the importance of Turkic language is not less, than Arabian. For the first
time manuscript "Diuani" in 1914-15 was bought by the turkish scientist Àli
Àmiri. He gave to put in order the manuscript to Êilasli Rifat. Rifat made a copy of
work and issued the first and second book in 1915, and in 1917 - the third book in
Istanbul. Versatile research of work has begun since that time.
Many scientists were engaged in research of language, edition of the text of work. For
example, Brokkelman Ê., arranged the word collocations in conformity with the alphabetic
order and has issued translations in German. The Turkish scientist Basim Atalai in 1914
translated the original manuscript into Turkish language and issued three volumes of this
book in Ankara in 1934-1943. In 1960-67 the scientist Ìutalibov translated this work into
Uzbek language. Then, in Uigur language the work was issued in China.
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Themes of the seminar lessons:
1. Reflection of scientific ideas and researches in MMM.
2. Philosophical and politological motives in oral national creativity.
3. XI centuries - century of Àbu Raihan Biruni and Omar Haiiam.
4. Ulugbek - life and scientific activity.
5. "The Second teacher" - Àbu Nasyr al-Farabi.
6. "Diuani lugat at-turk".
7. Propagation of science in productions of C. Valihanov.
8. Enlightening activity of I. Àltynsarin
9. Enlightening motives in poetry and prose by Àbai Êunanbaev.
Control questions:
1. Importance of folklore in spiritual development of Kazakh people.
2. "Ìineralogy" Àbu Raihan Biruni.
3. Modern scientific researches (on an example of Kazakhstan and countries of CIS).
4. Appeal to a science and education in creativity of Àbai.
5. Mathematical works by Omar Haiiam.
6. National pedagogics (traditions, didactic songs).
7. Contribution of Chokan Valihanov in a geographical, ethnographic science.
8. Images of the scientists in fiction.
9. Appeal to education in productions by I. Altynsarin
10. Heading of the newspapers at magazines of Kazakhstan devoted to scientific
subjects.
11. Ulugbek and his scientific heritage.
12. Role of a science in development of a society.
13. Basic shortcoming of materials on a scientific theme.
14. Prospect of development of scientific journalism (CIS and Kazakhstan).
The literature:
1. Nazarbaev N. À. "Intelligence should look ahead", "Kazakhstan's
truth", 1999, September.
2. Prohorov E. P. "Introduction in the theory of journalism", Ì., 1998.
3. Àvitsenna "Canons of a medical science", Tashkent, 1954.
4. Barmankulov Ì. Ê. "Gold woman", Àlmaty, 1998.
5. Àbai "Book of words", Àlmaty, 1992.
6. East Òurkestan in an antiquity and early middle ages. The epos, languages,
religions, Ì., 1992.
7. Bekhozhin H. N., Êîzybaev . Ê., Ìàtvienêî S. S. "Feature stories of a
history of journalism of Kazakhstan. The first part (1900-1945)", Àlmaty, 1988.
8. Role of communication in distribution of scientific and technical achievement,
Ì., 1986.
9. Zasurski I. N. "Scientific and Technical revolution and journalism",
Bulletin of ÌSU, series ¹ 4 (journalism), 1971.
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